Category Archives: work

Decoding the Universe!

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I realised just now that I entirely forgot (it seems) to post about an episode of PBS’ show Nova called “Decoding the Universe: Cosmos” which aired back in the Spring. I thought they did a good job of talking about some of the advances in our understanding that have happened over the last 50 years (the idea is that it is the 50th anniversary of the show) in areas of astrophysics and cosmology. I was a contributor, filmed at the top of Mount Wilson at the Observatory where Hubble made his famous discoveries about the size of the universe, and its expansion. I talk about some of those discoveries and other ideas in the show. Here’s a link to the “Decoding the Universe” site. (You can also find it on YouTube.)

If you follow the link you’ll notice another episode up there: “Decoding the Universe: Quantum”. That’s a companion they made, and it focuses on understanding in quantum physics, connecting it to things in the everyday world. and also back to black holes and things astrophysical and cosmological. It also does a good job of shining a light on many concepts.

I was also a contributor to this episode, and it was a real delight to work with them in a special role: I got to unpack many of the foundational quantum mechanical concepts (transitions in atoms, stimulated emission, tunnelling, etc) to camera by doing line drawings while I explained – and kudos […] Click to continue reading this post →

When Worlds Collide…

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This morning I had a really fantastic meeting with some filmmakers about scientific aspects of the visuals (and other content) for a film to appear on your screens one day, and also discussed finding time to chat with one of the leads in order to help them get familiar with aspects of the world (and perhaps mindset) of a theoretical physicist. (It was part of a long series of very productive meetings about which I can really say nothing more at the current time, but I’m quite sure you’ll hear about this film in the fullness of time.)

Then a bit later I had a chat with my wife about logistical aspects of the day so that she can make time to go down to Los Angeles and do an audition for a role in something. So far, so routine, and I carried on with some computations I was doing (some lovely clarity had arrived earlier and various piece of a puzzle fell together marvellously)…

But then, a bit later in the morning while doing a search, I stumbled upon some mention of the recent Breakthrough Prize ceremony, and found the video below […] Click to continue reading this post →

Catching Up

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Since you asked, I should indeed say a few words about how things have been going since I left my previous position and moved to being faculty at the Santa Barbara Department of Physics.

It’s Simply Wonderful!

(Well, that’s really four I suppose, depending upon whether you count the contraction as one or two.)

Really though, I’ve been having a great time. It is such a wonderful department with welcoming colleagues doing fantastic work in so many areas of physics. There’s overall a real feeling of community, and of looking out for the best for each other, and there’s a sense that the department is highly valued (and listened to) across the wider campus. From the moment I arrived I’ve had any number of excellent students, postdocs, and faculty knocking on my door, interested in finding out what I’m working on, looking for projects, someone to bounce an idea off, to collaborate, and more.

We’ve restarted the habit of regular (several times a week) lunch gatherings within the group, chatting about physics ideas we’re working on, things we’ve heard about, papers we’re reading, classes we’re teaching and so forth. This has been a true delight, since that connectivity with colleagues has been absent in my physics life for very many years now and I’ve sorely missed it. Moreover, there’s a nostalgic aspect to it as well: This is the very routine (often with the same places and some of the same people) that I had as a postdoc back in the mid 1990s, and it really helped shape the physicist I was to become, so it is a delight to continue the tradition.

And I have not even got to mentioning the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics (KITP) [….] Click to continue reading this post →

Multicritical Matrix Model Miracles

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Well, that was my title for my seminar last Thursday at the KITP. My plan was to explain more the techniques behind some of the work I’ve been doing over the last few years, in particular the business of treating multicritical matrix models as building blocks for making more complicated theories of gravity.

chalkboard from KITP seminar

The seminar ended up being a bit scattered in places as I realised that I had to re-adjust my ambitions to match limitations of time, and so ended up improvising here and there to explain certain computational details more, partly in response to questions. This always happens of course, and I sort of knew it would at the outset (as was clear from my opening remarks of the talk). The point is that I work on a set of techniques that are very powerful at what they do, and most people of a certain generation don’t know those techniques as they fell out of vogue a long time ago. In the last few years I’ve resurrected them and developed them to a point where they can now do some marvellous things. But when I give talks about them it means I have a choice: I can quickly summarise and then get to the new results, in which case people think I’m performing magic tricks since they don’t know the methods, or I can try to unpack and review the methods, in which case I never get to the new results. Either way, you’re not likely to get people to dive in and help move the research program forward, which should be the main point of explaining your results. (The same problem occurs to some extent when I write papers on this stuff: short paper getting swiftly to the point, or long paper laying out all the methods first? The last time I did the latter, tons of new results got missed inside what people thought was largely just a review paper, so I’m not doing that any more.)

Anyway, so I ended up trying at least to explain what (basic) multicritical matrix models were, since it turns out that most people don’t know these days what the (often invoked) double scaling limit of a matrix model really is, in detail. This ended up taking most of the hour, so I at least managed to get that across, and whet the appetite of the younger people in the audience to learn more about how this stuff works and appreciate how very approachable these techniques are. I spent a good amount of time trying to show how to compute everything from scratch – part of the demystifying process.

I did mention (and worked out detailed notes on) briefly a different class of […] Click to continue reading this post →

Living in the Matrix – Recent Advances in Understanding Quantum Spacetime

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It has been extremely busy in the ten months or so since I last wrote something here. It’s perhaps the longest break I’ve taken from blogging for 20 years (gosh!) but I think it was a healthy thing to do. Many readers have been following some of my ocassional scribblings … Click to continue reading this post →

A Return (Again)

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About two years ago I wrote a post entitled “A Return”, upon moving to Princeton for a year (I was a Presidential Visiting Scholar at the Physics department). I reflected upon the fact that it was a return to a significant place from my past, where I’d been transformed in so many ways. Princeton was the first place I visited (not counting airports) in the USA, the location of my first postdoctoral appointment (at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS)), and its was there that I did a deep enriching dive into the hubbub of Theoretical Physics, at one of the very top places in the world to do so.

Coastal view from UCSB campusAfter that, I moved West, to Santa Barbara, where my next postdoc position was at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), now called the KITP. I was very lucky to be able to go from one top place to another, and (as I’ve recently talked about in a BBC interview here) additionally, my field was in a delicious turmoil of activity and discovery. I was able to be a part of the maelstrom (the “Second Superstring Revolution”, and all the gifts it gave us, including better understanding of the role in quantum gravity of extended objects beyond strings (such as D-branes), the physics of quantum black holes, the tools to unlock the holographic nature of quantum gravity more generally (through AdS/CFT), and so on. (I’ve blogged about many of these topics here, so use the search tool for more.)

I’ve been known to say that Princeton was the place where I found my physics voice (Edward Witten was a key guide at that time). Well, to continue the theme, Santa Barbara (with its wonderful research group made up of people from both the KITP and the wider Physics Department) was the place where I started to learn how to use that voice to sing (with the guidance of Joe Polchinski (who sadly passed away a few years ago)).

Well, as you may be guessing after that long introduction, I’m doing “A Return” again, but this time not with some boxes and suitcases of things for a year’s stay: I can now announce that I’ll be leaving the University of Southern California (USC) and (as of 1st July 2023) joining […] Click to continue reading this post →

The Life Scientific Interview

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After doing a night bottle feed of our youngest in the wee hours of the morning some nights earlier this week, in order to help me get back to sleep I decided to turn on BBC Sounds to find a programme to listen to… and lo and behold, look what had just aired live! The programme that I’d recorded at Broadcasting House a few weeks ago in London.

So it is out now. It is an episode of Jim Al-Khalili’s excellent BBC Radio 4 programme “The Life Scientific”. The show is very much in the spirit of what (as you know) I strive to do in my work in the public sphere (including this blog): discuss the science an individual does right alongside aspects of the broader life of that individual. I recommend listening to […] Click to continue reading this post →

What a Week!

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Some Oxford scenesI’m sitting, for the second night in a row, in a rather pleasant restaurant in Oxford, somewhere on the walk between the physics department and my hotel. They pour a pretty good Malbec, and tonight I’ve had the wood-fired Guinea Fowl. I can hear snippets of conversation in the distance, telling me that many people who come here are regulars, and that correlates well with the fact that I liked the place immediately last night and decided I’d come back. The friendly staff remembered me and greeted me like a regular upon my return, which I liked. Gee’s is spacious with a high ceiling, and so I can sit away from everyone in a time where I’d still rather not be too cavalier with regards covid. On another occasion I might have sought out a famous pub with some good pub food and be elbow-to-elbow with students and tourists, but the phrase “too soon” came to mind when I walked by such establishments and glanced into the windows.

However, I am not here to do a restaurant review, although you might have thought that from the previous paragraph (the guinea fowl was excellent though, and the risotto last night was tasty, if a tiny bit over-salted for my tastes). Instead I find myself reflecting on […] Click to continue reading this post →

A New Distribution

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Probability distributionThe red curve in this figure is the probability distribution of the ground state energy [latex]E=s[/latex] of the microstate spectra of quantum completions of JT gravity. Put differently (the way Wigner might have) if you ask what are all the discrete spectra that are compatible with the leading semi-classical result for quantizing JT gravity (the famous Schwarzian result for the density of states: [latex]\rho(E)=e^{S_0}(4\pi^2)^{-1}\sinh(2\pi\sqrt{E})[/latex]), this curve gives the shape of the distribution of ground states. (The blue curve is simply the associated CDF.) I first uncovered this distribution in a paper last year, with further insights and generalizations in a paper earlier this year, along with the distributions for higher energy levels that follow from it. But the exciting new result of my paper from a few weeks ago is that I have now shown that it is a solution of an ordinary differential equation (or a family of them). This allows for some powerful universal things to be said analytically about the properties of the distribution!

This is fully analogous to what happened for the well-known Tracy-Widom distribution for the largest (or smallest) energy of Gaussian random hermitian matrices. While many workers (such as Forrester) had uncovered important aspects of the distribution, and while it was known that it can be expressed as a particular Fredholm determinant, Tracy and Widom broke new ground in 1994 by showing that the distribution was governed by a well known ODE – the Painleve II equation – and in particular can be given in terms of a special solution of it studied earlier by Hastings and McLeod. The result helped forge further connections between properties of random matrix theory and several interesting areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Furthermore, […] Click to continue reading this post →

Embracing Both Wigner and ‘t Hooft

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That Feeling

Several weeks ago, while writing up a nice set of results that extended some work I did last year, I found that I was stuck finding the right wording for how I should nuance a (seemingly minor) matter in the introductory remarks. It was partly because, frankly, I’d got bored of the standard introduction I usually make to papers on this particular subject (matrix models and 2D gravity), because I’ve written quite a few in the last two years (10-Yikes!). But I’d found a new feature that warranted a more careful way of saying the usual things, and I wanted to incorporate that aspect, and also get the Reader interested in why this aspect was interesting and worth unpacking. I played around with better ways of saying it, and still was not entirely happy. I chipped away for a bit more over a few days, and kept coming up with something less than satisfactory. I’d carry on with things in the body of the paper that would be there whatever the introduction said. Then, after coming back to the introduction and trying again, I had to stop and explore the consequences of some of the rephrasing I was doing – to make sense of the new way I was trying to say what I wanted to say.

And then it happened…

You might know that feeling: A sort of pop goes off in your head and a tingle through the whole body, and then everything looks different all of a sudden, because you realize that you’ve found a completely new way of looking at things. A way that fits *so* well and incorporates so many of the facts that it just. feels. inevitable.

That’s what happened. And then I tried to see what it would say about the larger picture of physics this all fits in, looking for a way to make it fit, or to challenge the idea to see if it breaks. Not only did not not break, it just kept making sense, and (almost like the idea itself took charge of the process) immediately offered solutions to the problems I threw at it, and readily gobbled up existing challenges that the community has been facing for a while, and explained certain things that have been a puzzle for a long time.

For the next few days I actually could not write properly at the keyboard any more. My hands were trembling every time as I utterly rebuilt the entire paper and my world view, and I could barely sit still at times.

I know this sounds like a lot, and you should know that I am open to the possibility that it is somehow wrong, but it is too compelling not to share, so that’s what my paper that came out earlier this week is all about. I am not going to repeat the paper here, but will try to highlight some features of it that form a foundation for why this changes a lot about how we think about things in this corner of physics.

Random Stuff

Let me start in the simplest way possible, as I have done in the past, with a model that is well known to many different physics communities. The Gaussian random matrix model. Random matrix models have a very long history in trying to understand complicated systems (going back to Wishart (1928), and then Wigner (1955) – physicists seem to always forget to mention Wishart, and I’m sure I’m forgetting someone else too), and they show up in all kinds for systems. There are a lot of powerful results that have been developed, and you’ve read my writings about them here to do with how they get used for understanding aspects of string theory and quantum gravity in 2D, and also in higher dimensions. The “double scaling limit” is something I’ve talked about a lot here in particular. I won’t repeat all of it here, but invite you to go and look at other posts.
[…] Click to continue reading this post →

Completing a Story

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[A rather technical post follows.]

[caption id="attachment_19916" align="aligncenter" width="499"]Sample image from paper. Will be discussed later in the text. This figure will make more sense later in the post. It is here for decoration. Sit tight.[/caption]

For curious physicists following certain developments over the last two years, I’ll put below one or two thoughts about the new paper I posted on the arXiv a few days ago. It is called “Consistency Conditions for Non-Perturbartive Completions of JT Gravity”. (Actually, I was writing a different paper, but a glorious idea popped into my head and took over, so this one emerged and jumped out in front of the other. A nice aspect of this story is that I get to wave back at myself from almost 30 years ago, writing my first paper in Princeton, waving to myself 30 years in the future. See my last post about where I happen to be visiting now.) Anyway here are the thoughts:

Almost exactly two years ago I wrote a paper that explained how to define and construct a non-perturbatively stable completion of JT gravity. It had been defined earlier that year as a perturbative […] Click to continue reading this post →

A Return

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Well, I’m back.

It has been very quiet on the blog recently because I’ve been largely occupied with the business of moving. Where have I moved to? For the next academic year I’ll be on the faculty at Princeton University (as a Presidential Visiting Scholar) in the Physics department. It’s sort of funny because, as part of the business of moving forward in my research, I’ve been looking back a lot on earlier eras of my work recently (as you know from my last two year’s exciting activity in non-perturbative matrix models), and rediscovering and re-appreciating (and then enhancing and building on) a lot of the things I was doing decades ago… So now it seems that I’m physically following myself back in time too.

Princeton was in a sense my true physical first point of entry into the USA: My first postdoc was here (at the Institute for Advanced Study, nearby), and I really began […] Click to continue reading this post →

Matrices and Gravity

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So I have a confession to make. I started working on random matrix models (the large $latex N$, double-scaled variety) in 1990 or 1991, so about 30 years ago, give or take. I’ve written many papers on the topic, some of which people have even read. A subset of those have even been cited from time to time. So I’m supposed to be some kind of expert. I’ve written extensively about them here (search for matrix models and see what comes up), including posts on how exciting they are for understanding aspects of quantum gravity and black holes. So you’d think that I’d actually done the obvious thing right? Actually taken a bunch of random matrices and played with them directly. I don’t mean the fancy path integral formulation we all learn, where you take N large, find saddle points, solve for the Wigner semi-circle law that the Dyson gas of eigenvalues forms, and so forth. I don’t mean the Feynman expansion of that same path integral, and identify (following ‘t Hooft) their topology with a tessellation of random 2D surfaces. I don’t mean the decomposition into orthogonal polynomials, the rewriting of the whole problem at large $latex N$ as a theory of quantum mechanics, and so forth. No, those things I know well. I just mean do what it says on the packet: close your eyes, grab a matrix out of the bag at random, compute its eigenvalues. Then do it again. Repeat a few thousand times and see that all those things in the data that we compute those fancy ways really are true. I realized the other day that in 30 years I’d never actually done that, and (motivated by the desire to make a simple visual illustration of a point) I decided to do it, and it opened up some wonderful vistas.

Let me tell you a little more. […] Click to continue reading this post →